Originally published on June 6, 2022, this article was subsequently updated on April 8, 2025, to reflect the latest available information. At Chiba University (CU), one key area of research is mucosal immunology and mucosal vaccines being conducted under the international collaborative roof of the CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV). Mucosal vaccines are administered orally or via nasal spray and are thus considered the less stressful vaccination strategy when compared with widely used needle-type vaccines. In addition, oral and nasal vaccination can provide dual protection against pathogens at the mucosal surface and inside the body. One type of oral vaccine is also called a ‘green vaccine’ because it is made from rice grown in a closed hydroponic system with no associated industrial or medical waste generated to dispose of and requires no refrigeration for storage. From Dental Caries to Mucosal Vaccine Research Dr. Kiyono said that dental caries constituted a major oral health problem when he … Continue reading Non-Injectable Mucosal Vaccines Providing Safe and Less Stressful Immunization